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Trigonometry

Besides the six most common trigonometric functions, there are also some less common or little-used trigonometric functions.

Less Common Trigonometric Functions

The list of some less common trigonometric functions:

1. Versine: Versine is the "versed sine" from one minus the co-function  which is defined as versin(θ)=vers(θ)=1-cos(θ)=2sin2(θ/2).

2. Vercosine: Vercosine is the "versed cosine" from one minus the co-function which is defined as vercos(θ)=1+cos(θ)=2cos2(θ/2).

3. Coversine: Coversine is the "coversed sine" from the co-function of versed sine which is defined as covers(θ)=versin(π/2-θ)=1-sin(θ).

4. Covercosine: Covercosine is the "coversed consine" from the co-function of versed cosine  which is defined as coverc(θ)=vercos(π/2-θ)=1+sin(θ).

5. Haversine: Haversine is the "haversed sine" or "halfed versed sine" which is defined as haversin(θ)=versin(θ)/2=(1-cos(θ))/2=sin2(θ/2).

6. Havercosine: Havercosine is the "haversed cosine" or "halfed versed cosine" which is defined as havercos(θ)=vercos(θ)/2=(1+cos(θ))/2.

7. Hacoversine: Hacoversine is the "hacoversed sine" or "halfed coversed sine" which is defined as hacoversin(θ)=coversin(θ)/2=(1-sin(θ))/2.

8. Hacovercosine: Hacovercosine is the "hacoversed cosine" or "halfed coversed cosine" which is defined as hacovercos(θ)=covercos(θ)/2=(1+sin(θ))/2.

9. Exsecant: Exsecant is the "excepted secant" outside the unit circle which is defined as exsec(θ)=sec(θ)-1.

10. Excosecant: Excosecant is the "excepted cosecant" outside the unit circle which is defined as excsc(θ)=csc(θ)-1.

Trigonometry

Trigonometry is originally the study of the correlation between the sides and angles of a triangle. Trigonometry is also called plane trigonometry because the triangle is described on a plane. When the triangle is described on a spherical surface, it is called spherical trigonometry. 

Angle

An angle is defined as the inclination of one straight line to another straight line about a point in geometry but a more boarder meaning is used in trigonometry where angle is the revolution of a ray refered to a fixed ray with a common vertex and the angular motion can be either counter clockwise or clockwise. Angle measurement in trigonometry is therefore can be greater than π or 2π in general.

Let θ be the angle of APB in radian and a be the subtending arc by angle θ at radius r. Let π be the straight angle. Then angle (π/2-θ) is called the complement of θ and angle (π-θ) is called the supplement of θ. Similarly arc b is called the complement of a and arc c is called the supplement of a. 

From geometry, the ratio of the circumference of any circle over its radius is equal to a constant quantity 2π. Since angle at C is proportional to the subtending arc. Therefore an angle can be expressed in term of the arc subtended by proportional,  rθ/2πr=θ/2π. When the arc length is equal to the radius, by proportional, r/2πr=1/2π, the quantity from radius is called  one radian. A right angle is equal to π/2 and a straight angle is equal to π.

Another way to measure an angle is by dividing the circumference of a complete circle into 360 equal portions. The angle subtended by one portion of the divided arc is equal to one degree. Each degree can be divided into 60 equal parts call minutes. Each minute can further be divided into 60 equal parts call seconds. A right angle is therefore equal to 90 degrees and a straight angle is equal to 180 degrees. The division of circumference of a circle into 360 degrees is called the sexagesimal divison which is difference from those division by dividing a circle into 100 degress called centesimal.

Since both radian and degree are dervied from the circumference of a circle, both measurements can be converted to each other through a simple relationship, i.e. degree/360=radian/2π.

The division of the circumference of a circle into 360 degrees with 1 degree equals to 60 minutes and 1 minute equals to 60 seconds is called sexagesimal division. And there is also an impopular centesimal division, for which the circumference of a circle into 100 degrees with 1 degree equals to 100 minutes and 1 minute equals to 100 seconds

Functions of an Angle

Let P be the centre of a circle of any radius, PB be a horizontal line and θ be the angle subtended by an arc BA with sides PB and PA. A line AC is drawed perpendicular to PB. The ratio of AC over PA is called the sine of the angle θ and the ratio of PC over PA is called the cosine of the angle θ. The ratio of sine of the angle θ to the cosine of the angle θ is called the tangent of angle θ, while the inverse of the ratio is called the cotangent. The ratio of unity to the cosine of angle θ is called the secant of angle θ, and the ratio of unity to the sine of angle θ is called cosecant of angle θ. The difference between unity and the cosine of angle θ is called the versed-sine of angle θ, the difference between unity and the sine of angle θ is called the coversed-sine of angle θ. Imply functions of angle are

Relations of Functions of an Angle

From the right triangle △ACP, by Pythagorean theorem