Kinetics: Momentum

Momentum is one of the most important properties in study kinetics.

Inertia and Mass

From the law of inertia, inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. Mass, in general, is defined as a quantity to measure the inertia of a body at rest relative to the frame of reference. Besides, in practical sense, mass is also used to denote as the quantity of matter that is the inertial mass of an object. And by the Newton's second law of motion, the external force F changing the motion of an object can be determined by the mass m of the object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object. That is F=ma.

Momentum

Momentum p can be defined as a quantity to measure the inertia of an object in motion relative to the frame of reference.  In other words, momentum is defined as a quantity to measure the motion of an object and the tendency of an object's kinetics to resist a change in motion. That is p=mv.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

From Newton's second law of motion, the acceleration of an object due to the force F acting upon an object is proportional to the magnitude of the force and the acceleration is in the direction of the force. In other words, the ratio of the applied force used change to the motion of an object and the acceleration of the object is a constant value. Since this constant value is the characteristic of the measured object, it is called the mass of the object. According to Newton's first law of motion, force is applied upon the object to change the motion of the object, the mass propoerty can be used as a quantitative measurement to measure the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion, mass m of an object can also refer to the inertial mass of an object. 

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. Therefore force can be expressed in terms of velocity. Since the mass of the object is constant, force can then be expressed in term of the rate of change of the product of mass and velocity. By definition of momentum, the product of mass and velocity is equal to the momentum of the object. In other words, the force F acting upon an object is equal to the rate of change of the momentum of the object.

Equation of Kinetic Motion

Through force addition, force acting on an object can be the resultant force of several forces acting on the object simultaneously. That is

If the resultant force F acting upon an object is equal to zero, the acceleration a of the object must be equal to zero also. In other words, the rate of change of the velocity is equal to zero or the initial velocity remains unchange. That is, if the object is at rest, initial velocity equal to zero, vi=0, the object remains at rest, v=0. If the object is moving with a velocity, initial velocity equal to vi, vi=v0, the object will remain moving at a constant speed v=v0 along a straight line. And this is the statement of Newton's first law of equation.

Similarly, the resultant force is also equal to the rate of change of the momentum of an object. That is 

If the resultant force F acting upon an object is equal to zero, the rate of change of momentum is equal to zero. Or the initial momentum remains unchanged in both magnitude and direction. Therefore for an object with no momentum change, the motion of the object does not change its state of motion, either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity. This is an alternative statement of Newton's first law. In other words, force can be converted into momentum, or vice versa. The relationship between force and momentum is the principle of momentum convservation.

Or through force decomposition, force acting on an object can be decomposited according to the interested components. For example, force can be resolved into rectangular components

For example, force acting on an object can be resolved into tangential motion with tangential and normal components when the object moves in a plane.

Although momentum play an important role in kinetics, force expressed in term of acceleration is still an important equation of kinetic motion. But all acceleration should be measured with respect to a newtonian frame of reference. For example, in most engineering problems, accelerations can be determined with respect to any coordinate system attached to the earth. However, relative accelerations between objects measured with respect to moving coordinate system of an accelerated body cannot be used in the equations of motion.

Dynamic Equilibrium

In general, resultant force of an object is equal to zero in static equilibrium. Therefore an object can be either at rest or moving in constant velocity when an object is in static equilibrium. Since the kinetic motion of an object can be expressed in terms of force from the equation of kinetic motion, an equivalent negative force vector can be added to the equation of kinetic motion to form alternative form of equation of kinetic motion. Since the resultant force is equal to zero, the alternative form of equation of kinetic motion can be considered as the equation of dynamic equibilibrium. That is